April 1997
Dealing with Disciplinary
Problems
By Jon Marshall
I guess everyone, sooner or later, has a student
who is a disciplinary problem. I thought I'd offer some tips for classroom
discipline based on my experiences in my classes and in the psychotherapy
groups I've led with children back in the States.
My response to kids who are acting up in class
is a step-by-step progressive reaction. I try to match my response to what
is happening in the class right now while taking into consideration past
behavior.
Step One: Monitor your emotional status. Try
to decide whether your frustration and anger are the result of stresses
from outside the classroom, or if a student is provoking them. It is a
sure bet that if you feel annoyed or distracted by a child, then other
students do too.
Step Two: Analyze the problem. Talk to other
teachers—both the native speakers and the Koreans--to find out their impressions
of the student and what they have done in response to the child. This information
can be invaluable; after all, there is no sense in reinventing the wheel.
Play and physical activity are important for children, and no one, child
or adult, can sit still and pay attention to a lesson for 60 or 90 minutes
straight without some kind of break. Plan a break or change of activity
every half-hour, if not sooner. The younger the child, the shorter the
attention span. The younger the child, the less ambitious your lesson plan
should be.
You must analyze the pace of your class. Do the
activities match the skills of the class? Is the disruptive child bored?
Maybe he has mastered this point of the lesson, and is bored while you
work with the other children.
Maybe he or she has not adequately understood
this point of the lesson, and is bored. Check this by gently calling the
child's name and if need be tapping his or her shoulder, then asking a
question that will reflect comprehension. If he does not comprehend the
point, probably repeating more of what you have done will not help. You
may need to change tactics, or address the issue outside of class. If she
does understand, however, give ample praise.
Ask questions frequently, and mix both group
and individual responses. Also, make eye contact with each student throughout
the class. This helps monitor pronunciation comprehension, and where the
child's attention is focused. Tolerate some disruptions; they are naturally
bound to occur when teaching children, in addition to teaching in a foreign
culture. My main concern throughout this process is that the child masters
the point of the lesson.
Step Three: Respond judiciously to specific behaviors,
both desired and undesired. Behavior can be reinforced, and bad attention
feels better than no attention, so responding to minor disruptions may
sometimes encourage more disruptions as a way of getting some attention
from you.
Always reward desired behavior with attention,
lots of attention, and avoid unnecessary or undue criticism. This goes
double for your students with disciplinary problems. The rule of thumb
here is "Catch 'em being good."
Disruptive behavior is usually a statement that
the child is not getting something he or she needs. This may be because
his or her attention has wandered, the child is bored, her toleration for
stimulation is low, or she has a low level of self-discipline. Our job
is to help the child return his or her attention to the lesson and to develop
ways of countering the child's bad habits.
We all know disruptive behavior can be infectious,
with entire classes becoming loud, boisterous, and unmanageable in a short
period of time. When this happens, you must refocus the entire class. Lead
by example. When the class is out of control, exhibit more control over
yourself. Get the attention of some or all of the class. Sit down. Breathe
deeply. Talk quietly, slowly, and with a lower voice tone.
This works well for the opposite situation, incidentally.
If you want the class to be more animated or alert, talk louder and move
around more. Once, I had a very sleepy early morning class of middle school
students walking, then trotting, then standing, then sitting, and standing
again while I was asking, "Now, what are we doing?" We did this until everyone
was awake. Do not waste much time with talking quietly if it does not work
immediately. Most of my classes seem to know that putting a finger to the
lips and "sssh-ing" means to be quiet (they also think it is the sound
of urination, but it gets their attention at the very least). The key is
to get their attention and communicate the need to quiet down. An extraordinary
step, I feel, is to overtly communicate your displeasure, but it has its
uses. You can stamp a foot, or look crossly at the class. Koreans understand
anger very well, and this will quiet the class quickly. Once the class
is quiet, I hold the silence by shushing anyone who speaks or moves. After
a minute or two, return to teaching as if nothing had happened. Occasionally,
it is too difficult for an over-stimulated child to be still or quiet,
and he or she continues to make faces or to otherwise provoke other class
members. When this happens, instruct, through demonstration, everyone to
put their heads down on the table. Turn out the lights, and sit in the
quiet darkness for a minute or two. The most important aspect of either
technique is that it gives everyone a chance to calm down--including me!
Sometimes two children will aggravate each other's bad habits, and their
disruptive behavior escalates. When this happens, I separate the two or
three children. Sit next to the child who misbehaves. This gives them some
extra attention, and helps you monitor their behavior without constantly
interrupting class. Establish a time out procedure at your hagwon (or school),
as Koreans do not seem to be aware of the idea. You must have a place that
is safe, and not more fun than the class, where a child may wait. The child
must be supervised. Allow the student to be there for two or three minutes.
Set a definite time at the outset, and time it carefully. After the designated
amount of time is over, go get the child. To introduce the idea to the
class, I wait until someone is close to needing a time out. Then get someone
to translate. I tell the child if he (usually it's a boy, isn't it?) does
not settle down, he will go to time out for three minutes. The conditions
for going to time out are made clear. If he tests me, I do not hesitate,
or recriminate, I say in a quiet, calm voice, "time out," and escort him
to the area.
Remember, no disciplinary measure is effective
it if is only an empty threat. Once you have given the conditions for an
action to occur, then you must follow through. Make the disciplinary steps,
conditions for when they will occur, and the consequences clear to the
class. This allows the child to decide his or her fate.
For the particularly troublesome kids, I make
them helpers in class. They erase the board, they teach me Korean words,
they run errands for me before, during (sometimes), and after class. I
use English every time I talk to these kids, and they use it with me. Use
your imagination when trying to find solutions to your disciplinary problems.
Analyze the problem, get some help in solving it, and try something different
if necessary. Perhaps we could share some of the things we have done in
this regard.
I hope this helps. I encourage anyone with thoughts,
criticisms, suggestions, other ideas, etc. to respond by writing to the
editor, or contacting me at 012-1571-8424. Good luck! |